Ethnographic Interview on Sports in American Culture

Andrew is a third year chemical engineering student at the University of Louisville. He grew up in Hodgenville, KY. Which is a small town just south east of Elizabethtown. He lives in an apartment with one other student also attending the University of Louisville and myself. This apartment is where the interview took place. The topic that I chose for this ethnographic interview was sports in American culture. Sports are popular in America, and are a big part of the culture in America. I would say most people in America have played sports, whether they played as kids, in high school, at the collegiate level, or even professional. A great deal of people also enjoy watching sporting events. The following were the questions asked during the interview. How have sports affected your life? Why do you think sports are so popular in America’s culture? How are sports a part of the culture in America? What do you think about the amount of money spent on spectator sports? I started off the interview by asking how sports have affected his life. Sports are an important part of most American’s lives, including Andrews. Andrew is a big sports fan and played soccer on his high school team. â€Å"Sports have been a part of my life for as long as I can remember. Starting from when my dad first taught me how to throw, kick and hit a ball.† â€Å"It was a way for me to bond with my family and friends as I was growing up.† From this interview I learned that athletics/sports were a wayShow MoreRelatedThe Wrestler s Body : Identity And Ideology1365 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia Press. Anthony, Susan B. 1896 [suffragist], History of Women in Sports Timeline. Bale J. 1991. The Brawn Drain: Foreign Student-Athletes in American Universities. Urbana, IL: Univ. Ill. Press Bale, John, and Joseph Maguire, eds.1994 The Global Sports Arena: Athletic Talent Migration in an Interdependent World. 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The Form And The Literary Style Of Wisdom - 1456 Words

Discuss the content, the form and the literary style of wisdom as presented in Proverbs 11 Wisdom literature within the Old Testament consists of a broad collection of books that reflect on Israel’s religious faith. Within the Catholic designation, seven books that of Proverbs, Job, Psalms, Ecclesiastes (Qoheleth) Song of Songs, Sirach and Wisdom are proffered. These books differ in both style and subject matter, nonetheless they share common characteristics which distinguish them from other biblical books. Wisdom has a focus on divine salvation proclaimed by the Torah and prophets, whilst displaying a slight interest in Israel as a nation historically. There main emphasis is in addressing the problems of why there is suffering,†¦show more content†¦Proverbs encapsulate the human experience in its universality and comprehension, and is a classic example of postexilic composition, with a lengthy history dating back to the Solomonic era. Some sayings have been attributed to the civilisation of the Sumerians in 3000 B.C. with later additions by Solomon not written down until two centuries later in the time of King Hezekiah of Judah. Other smaller collections are attributed to wise teachers and kings. Proverbs is a book largely made up of maxims or in Hebrew the mashal. The sayings within offer a key to proper conduct in the course of daily living and cover everything from table manners to sexual behaviour in setting forth the norms for a good life. It is based on the reverence for God and obedience to his laws with the â€Å"fear of the Lord† the essence of all true human wisdom. The origins of the Wisdom (personified as a woman) literature are often identified with court circles where young men were trained in the discipline and skills of royal life. Israel was not alone in this with many example of this type of wisdom on other Near Eastern culture. Education was seen as valid and applicable to much of life’s circumstances and suitable to that of a postexilic monarchy. It is generally alleged that it was after this p eriod that ‘proverbs’ were collected and edited. It is proposed that some of the collections of proverbs originated within family and

Clients and Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Clients and Marketing. Answer: Segmentation and targeting In order to effectively market their services and get a better understanding of the market composition, organizations need to segment their market. Segmentation is the process of division of broad market into smaller subdivisions on the basis of one or more common characteristic that they share. This involves creating small groups within the market that brings together the customers that show inclination towards similar products or services. This way, the customers get the products and services matching their needs and the organization is able to utilize the available resources in a better way. Once the segmentation process is completed, specific segments are targeted with specially designed marketing schemes and promotional techniques. This process is known as targeting. Targeting is the next step following segmentation of markets. It is done so that the organizations can take advantage of the common dimensions of homogenous market segments. In this process, the organizations decide on the customer segments that they are going to focus their marketing efforts on. Both marketing and segmentation are equally important to ensure overall success of any organization (Kotler Bowen, 2015). There are two basic segments into which we can classify the customers of any product or service. They are either consumer also known as the end users or the organizations that buy the products or services for the purpose of reselling or for using them for supporting the business operations. These segments are popularly called the B2C or business-to-customer segment and the B2B or business-to-business segment. There is a huge difference between the segmentation and targeting strategies for both these. The B2C selling is faster, less time consuming and less complicated. It involves longer distribution channels and the marketing strategies are made to connect with the customers directly through advertisements, social media etc. A business with a B2B segment is generally more complicated, time consuming and targeted through personal relationships and consultative selling. Since the value of individual transactions is high in B2B selling, it is considered high value and high risk, whereas the B2C selling is more frequent and there is less risk involved per transaction (Walletzky, 2015). However the lifetime of a B2C customer is lower when compared to a B2B customer as there is a low cost of sale and repeat sales. Thus a B2B customer has a higher chance of having greater lifetime customer value. Segment evaluation The Darwin Symphony Orchestra (DSO) is a 27 year old not-for profit organization. It comprises of a central professional group and about 65 volunteer musicians that keep not just the Darwin community, but also the audiences from every corner of their territory entertained. They carry out concerts, individual performances, music tours, indoor symphonies, outdoor family entertainment etc. They regularly perform with guest artists who range from opera superstars to leading Australian musicians. They thrive on the values of accessibility, vibrancy and community volunteering and are the primary providers of symphonic music in Northern Australia. They have started with a teaching initiative named DSO Music Education in Schools by the DSO String Quartet and run a Family Prom Series for music education that is family-based. Thus we can observe that anyone even remotely interested in music in any form can be a potential customer for Darwin Symphony Orchestra. They serve both individuals that are B2C customers and the organizational B2B customers (Wood, 2013). Some of the B2C customers for DSO can be the seekers of family performances, musical concerts, regional tours and a few examples of B2B customers can be the organizers of music performances in outdoor programs, schools, institutions etc. Although the Darwin Symphony Orchestra is a not-for-profit organization, it requires funds for the running of the practice sessions and performances. These funds are raised by organizing fundraising events and by giving performances. Thus, they need to have customers for the services of musical performances or lessons that they offer. They also need to market the service being offered in order to attract more and more customers. The entire customer base of DSO can be segmented for devising an even better and more refined marketing plan that has higher chances of success. The people involved in the segmentation process must make sure that the segments that are made, possess a common characteristic and must be a predictor of the differences in the behavior of the buyers. The purpose of segmentation must also be clear in the minds of the strategists. The segments made must be clearly identifiable, reachable through distribution channels and communication channels, substantially larger i n size and having unique needs to justify the different marketing mix designed for them. Once the segmentation process is done carefully, it becomes easier for the organization to allocate the resources and develop separate marketing strategies for each of the segments that is to be targeted. For DSO, segmentation will result in effective promotional and marketing efforts and thus more success in the coming years. The three broad and most commonly practiced ways of classifying and segmenting the customers are behavioral variables, psychographic variables and profile variables (Larsen, 2010). Behavioral The Behavioral variables can include benefits that a customer seeks from the service, frequency of purchase, the type of customer, occasion for purchase, purchase behavior, loyalty for the orchestra, the period for which the service is required and the perception of the consumers (Rani, 2014). On the basis of behavioral variables, the DSO can have segments of customers who are regular customers, one-time customers, corporate customers etc. Psychographic Psychographic variables are used to correlate the lifestyle, value system or personality of the customer with the purchase behavior. These may include customer interests, opinions, attitudes, activities etc. Customers having varied personality respond in a different manner to the marketing attempts. This is the main purpose of the study of psychographic segments of the customer base (Lynn, 2011). The psychographic segments of customers of DSO can be made on the basis of their interest in music, the genre of music they listen to, their personalities etc. Profile The third basis for segmentation of customers is profiling. This makes the segments of the customers based on the demographic factors like the age group they belong to, gender, lifestyle, income bracket, the socio economic group, geographic location they belong to in Australia etc. However, there are a few drawbacks of profile based segmentation. In practice, profiling of the customers is mostly done before segmentation process and most of the times the people belonging to same profile segment show varied interests and preferences (NRCDR, 2015).Thus, profiling is not a very accurate method of market segmentation. Profiling of the customers of DSO can be done based on their age, profession, geographic area etc. B2B market segmentation: Macro and micro Segmentation of a B2B market is very different from segmentation of a consumer market. Although some variables for segmenting the market remain the same for both, a very common basis of classifying the B2B customers is the macro segmentation and micro segmentation. The B2B segmentation of customers is done by classifying the entire B2B market into macro and micro segments (FTMS, 2012). Macro segmentation is when the market is divided on organizational criteria or on the basis of variables having a broader scope, like the size of the organization, industry that it is a part of, location of the organization etc. and micro segmentation makes use of variables that are mostly customer oriented like customer choice, type of customer, decision making process, decision making unit etc. For DSO, of all the customers, we can have the macro segments of customers on the basis of organization size, geographic location, customers business potential and standard industry classification like educati onal institutions, hospitality, entertainment etc. Micro segmentation for DSO will be more detailed and require a higher degree of knowledge regarding the B2B customer base (Wind Bell, 2007). It can be employed on the basis of the decision making structure of the organization, perceived significance of the service, attitude towards the vendor, method of purchase, the urgency of the service required etc. B2C target The B2C customers for Darwin Symphony Orchestra are the customers who seek their service for their own use and not for reselling or organizational performances. The biggest segment of B2C consumers of DSO are the people who attend their concerts held for fundraising. These are the opera enthusiasts who are interested in musical orchestra performances. The reason for the selection of this segment is that the fundraising gala event is the most popular and talked about event of the orchestra. This is the event held every year where the DSO repeats the most popular performances of the year and also makes available the official merchandise for purchase for their supporters. The audience or the segment that attends the concert are studied on the basis of their behavior, psychographic and profile variables (Wilson Gilligan, 2009). This segment of customers can be further classified and segmented based on their behavioral variables. The first segmentation can be done on the basis of their association with the DSO. They can be regular followers or a onetime attendee of the event being held. They have a common preference for opera and musical performances and they seek a great musical experience from the DSO. The psychographic traits that this segment demonstrates is the age group that varies between 16-25 and are mostly the students of CDU or are associated with the orchestra members in any way. They are generally students and the members of Darwin University. People outside of the university campus are also invited for the event, but even that comprises mostly of students and youngsters (Tuckwell, 2014). The DSO mostly promotes the event through in-campus drives and online promotion which is best suited for the tech friendly generation. B2C customers of DSO display the following characteristics they attend the events for leisure and entertainment, they are only going to repeat the transaction a few times a year if they are satisfied with the service they get, the decision making process for them is simpler involving mostly one decision maker and the payments are straightforward (Dibb Simkin, 1991). They are comparatively large in number, but lower in the amount of funds raised for the DSO. Therefore the marketing team of DSO must promote the events more on the platforms like social media, local radio stations, university campus and spread the word through pamphlets and posters of upcoming shows in the campus and the areas nearby. B2B target The B2B niche customer for the marketing team of DSO to focus on would be the school programs that they conduct holding presentations and performances to engage and inspire the school students with knowledge of music. The DSO Music Education in School program has till date reached more than 2000 school students in their territory. This is their most successful program for B2B customers. This program is accessible to schools all over the northern territory and is the only one of its kind in that area. For the scholastic programs, the decision making unit is the managing body of the school. The decision making process will be lengthy and the management will put a lot of thought into starting a music education program in school. The students who are the consumers or end users of the program may also be involved and the management might take their opinion as well. Once the on boarding decision is taken for the DSO, this is going to be a prolonged association and most of the time will als o lead to repeated transactions (Associates, 2010). The B2B customers can also be called agents that trade the services. Thus the entire purchase process must be simple and straightforward for them. The B2B customers tend to purchase the services in large amount. They may set up a contract for a number of events or performances by DSO artists. The approval process is time taking and complex as it is purely a business transaction for a B2B buyer. These transactions have a high chance of getting repeated in future. The payment method is professional and based on the period for which the service of the orchestra is purchased. They also require a wide range of services as they can have varied customer types as opposed to B2C buyer who seeks a single service and are more rational in the decision making process. The B2B transactions thrive on personal relationships and they are mostly long-term buyers. The DSO marketing team must associate with more and more schools in Northern Australia to make the most out of this program. In addition to this, other B2B customers of the DSO are event organizers and institutions (Ganga, 2012). They must also focus on being a part of musical tours and programs to get visibility and promotion. Playing traditional Australian music will give them popularity in both rural and urban areas and their association with famous artist will also bring the orchestra in the lime light (Sahney, 2011). Positioning and customer behavior The primary reason why any organization studies customer behavior is to predict the demand and the preferences of the customer in near future. This helps the businesses in preparing according to the forecasted behavior and be proactive in organizing the things. The study of customer needs can help the organizations in fulfilling them more effectively and efficiently (Burnett, 2012). It helps in strategizing and forming a more effective marketing plan. It also helps in making modifications in the currently followed marketing plan according to the changing preferences of the customer. The study of customer behavior helps the organizations in predicting the market trend, this gives them the time to prepare for and exploit the upcoming opportunities and for facing any upcoming threats or challenges (Durmaz, 2014). This not only makes the organization better equipped, but also gives them an advantage over their competitors. The positioning of an organization is how the people perceive it, particularly in relation to other competitive organizations in the market. Market positioning is the step followed by segmentation and targeting. At this stage, the organization selects the marketing mix that it finds most suitable for the target market and directs its marketing strategies on the basis of the same (Grimm Malschinger, 2010). Positioning places the organization on a pedestal. It facilitates the image building of the organization on the minds of the target customers (Al-Jeraisy, 2008). References Al-Jeraisy, K., 2008. Consumer behaviour, Available at: https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_Consumer_Behavior.pdf Associates, W., 2010. Market Targeting and Prioritisation, Available at: https://wright-associates.com/WA/Resources/file/WA%20White%20Paper%20-%20Market%20Prioritisation.pdf Burnett, J., 2012. The Concept of Positioning: The Future of the Marketplace, Available at: https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/BUS203-2.1.3_Positioning.pdf Dibb, S. Simkin, L., 1991. Targeting, Segments and Positioning. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,, 19(3), pp. 4-10 . Durmaz, Y., 2014. The Impact of Psychological Factors on Consumer Buying Behavior and an Empirical Application in Turkey. Asian Social Science, 10(6), pp. 1-11. FTMS, 2012. Market segmentation, Available at: https://www.ftms.edu.my/images/Document/MKTG%200101%20-%20INTRODUCTION%20TO%20MARKETING/CHAPTER%206.pdf Ganga, S., 2012. Market segmentation and targeting strategies used by fmcg companies, Available at: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/16744/12/12_chapter5.pdf Grimm, A. Malschinger, A., 2010. Introduction to Positioning, Available at: https://www.mikromarkt.eu/pdfs/uk_modul_1_1.pdf Kotler Bowen, 2015. Market segmentation, targeting and positioning, Available at: https://www.cag.edu.tr/upload/2015/04/market-seg-tgting-pos.pdf Larsen, N., 2010. Market Segmentation - - A framework for determining the right target customers, Available at: https://pure.au.dk/portal/files/11462/BA.pdf Lynn, M., 2011. Segmenting and Targeting Your Market: Strategies and Limitations, Available at: https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1238context=articles NRCDR, 2015. Overview of market segmentation, Available at: https://www.nrcdr.org/_assets/files/NRCRRFAP/resources/overview-of-market-segmentation.pdf Rani, P., 2014. Factors influencing consumer behaviour. IJCRAR journal, 2(9), pp. 52-61. Sahney, S., 2011. Consumer behaviour, Available at: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110105029/pdf%20sahany/Module-1-1.pdf Tuckwell, 2014. Market segmentation and target marketing, Available at: https://www.pearsoncanada.ca/media/highered-showcase/multi-product-showcase/tuckwell-think-ch06.pdf Walletzky, L., 2015. Market Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning, Available at: https://is.muni.cz/el/1433/jaro2015/PV240/um/PA240_-_L3_-_Market_segmentation.pdf Wind, Y. Bell, D., 2007. Market segmentation, Available at: https://faculty.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/0702_Market_Segmentation.pdf Wilson, K. Gilligan, C., 2009. Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning, Available at: https://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Strategic%20Marketing%20Planning%20(2nd%20Edition)/Chapter%209%20%20%20%20Market%20Segmentation,%20Targeting%20and%20Positioning.pdf Wood, M., 2013. About DSO - Darwin Symphony Orchestra. [Online] Available at: https://dso.org.au/about/about-the-sdo/

Watership Down Essays - Watership Down, Tales From Watership Down

Watership Down Watership Down was written by Richard Adams, who was born May 9, 1920, in Berkshire, England. He won two awards for this novel. He is still living. CHARACTERS Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was needed, Hazel would always come up with one. Fiver, the younger brother of Hazel, was unique because of his small size and ability to foresee danger. He saved the rabbits from death by warning some rabbits of the danger. Bigwig, a great fighting and courageous rabbit, was essential for the success of the traveling rabbits. He loved to fight and always did his best to protect the others. He was also the bird Kehaar's best friend and enjoyed spending time with him. Blackberry was the most intelligent rabbit in the group. For example, he made a boat to cross a river although the others had never even seen or understood the floating concept. Blackberry always helped Hazel to think of ideas when problems arose. Dandelion, another smart rabbit, was known for his speed and for his great story telling of El-ahrairah, the rabbit folk hero. He could always tell stories which distracted and eased the rabbits from problems. Pipkin, a good friend of Fiver, was small like Fiver but acted as if he was as big as Bigwig. He always did what he was told and never complained. PLOT One day Fiver, sensing danger, convinced his brother Hazel that they must leave their warren. Hazel tried to warn the Chief Rabbit of the danger, but he did not listen. Hazel gathered a group and went along the brook until they reached another warren of rabbits. These rabbits were very strange and acted differently from other rabbits. Hazel and his group decided to leave after Bigwig got caught in a wire. The man would feed the rabbits so they would become big and healthy; then the man would kill them. After many days of travel, Hazel and the others came to Watership Down, which was an excellent place for a warren. The soil was perfect, and enemies could be spotted from many miles away. Here they dug a burrows where the rabbits were happy. Hazel made friends with animals such as mice and even a bird named Kehaar. Hazel then realized that the warren needed does to survive. He used Kehaar to find some does. They made a raid on a farm and brought back two does. Then three of four rabbits left to visit a big warren to ask for more does. However, the party came back tired and injured because the warren Efrafa did not agree to give up the does; the group had to escape. Hazel decided that almost all of the rabbits must go and steal some does. The rabbits came up with a great plan where Bigwig would ask General Woundwort, the leader, if he could be in the military. Bigwig was accepted and led ten does onto a boat in the river. Efrafa tried to stop Bigwig, but they failed. After some time at Watership Down, the Efrafa military and Woundwort came to take back the does from Watership Down. Hazel thought of a unique plan to fill all the holes with dirt. All crowded into one room with Bigwig guarding the one entrance. Hazel and two others went to lure the dog from the farm to the warren to kill the enemy. The plan worked, and Woundwort had disappeared. The rest of the enemy left while some stayed to live at Watership Down. Efrafa and Watership Down made peace and decided to start another warren with some rabbits from each of the two warrens. At last, after Hazel saw the warren prosper with new babies and happy rabbits, he left his body to run with extraordinary strength and speed over the fields. SETTING This book takes place in New Hampshire in May through the winter. The story begins in the Saddleford Warren and ends in Watership Down. Distinguishing Characteristics::::::::: Richard Adams' writing keeps the reader's attention and interest. He makes the rabbits appear and act like humans. He frequently uses some phrases and words in Lapine, an animal language. His descriptions of nature are very detailed and easy to imagine.